{"id":2732,"date":"2011-11-26T19:49:11","date_gmt":"2011-11-26T11:49:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.hi-id.com\/?p=2732"},"modified":"2011-12-18T19:30:07","modified_gmt":"2011-12-18T11:30:07","slug":"affordance%ef%bc%88%e5%8f%af%e4%be%9b%e6%80%a7%ef%bc%89%e5%92%8c%e8%ae%be%e8%ae%a1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hi-id.com\/?p=2732","title":{"rendered":"Affordance\uff08\u53ef\u4f9b\u6027\uff09\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hi-id.com\/atcl\/2011\/ios-keyboard.png\"\/><\/p>\n<h3>iOS \u952e\u76d8<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 iOS \u7684\u952e\u76d8\u5982\u6b64\u51fa\u8272\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u865a\u62df\u952e\u76d8\u867d\u7136\u5728\u5c3a\u5bf8\u4e0a\u57fa\u672c\u8d85\u8fc7 iOS \u952e\u76d8\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u4f53\u9a8c\u8fd8\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f53\u9a8c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\u663e\u5f97\u50cf\u4e00\u56e2\u6e23\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5148\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u867d\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9006\u5411\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be0\u91ca\u6027\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6bd4\u63e3\u6d4b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u66f4\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5f53\u95ee\u201c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u6837\u8bbe\u8ba1\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u773c\u754c\u8d85\u8d8a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5b8c\u5168\u8131\u79bb\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u751a\u81f3\u4e0e\u5176\u76f8\u80cc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>iOS \u952e\u76d8\u662f\uff08\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\uff09\u865a\u62df\u5c4f\u5e55\u952e\u76d8\u7684\u5f00\u5c71\u59cb\u7956\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3 iPhone \u4e0a\u5e02\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0cApple \u505a\u8fc7\u8be6\u7ec6\u5168\u9762\u7684\u89c6\u9891\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u5c31\u662f iOS \u952e\u76d8\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u571f\u8c46\u89c6\u9891<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tudou.com\/programs\/view\/aqsstX4tqog\/isRenhe\">\u89c1\u8fd9<\/a>\uff08Youtube \u5730\u5740<a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=a-9UggQV9BM\">\u89c1\u8fd9<\/a>\uff09\u3002Steve Jobs \u5728 WWDC 2007 \u4e0a\u4ecb\u7ecd iPhone \u662f\u4ece\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u5217\u51fa Moto Q\u3001BlackBerry\u3001Palm Treo \u548c Nokia E62 \u8fd9\u56db\u53f0\u5e26\u5168\u952e\u76d8\u7684\u624b\u673a\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u667a\u80fd\u624b\u673a\u2014\u2014\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6309\u952e\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u5b83\u603b\u662f\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u3002iOS \u865a\u62df\u952e\u76d8\u53ea\u5728\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u952e\u76d8\uff0c\u5728\u8f93\u5165\u7f51\u5740\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u5c06\u7a7a\u683c\u952e\u66ff\u6362\u6210\u4e86\u201c.\u201d\u3001\u201c.com\u201d\u548c\u201c\/\u201d\u7b49\u914d\u5408\u7f51\u5740\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u6309\u952e\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u865a\u62df\u952e\u76d8\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7cbe\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u6548\u7387\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u8f7b\u677e\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u653e\u5927\u955c\u8fdb\u884c\u8f7b\u677e\u7684\u5149\u6807\u518d\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\u201d\u7684\u70ed\u8bcd\u81ea\u52a8\u4fee\u6b63\uff08\u82f1\u6587\uff09\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528\u5b57\u5178\u4ee5\u53ca\u8054\u7cfb\u4eba\u7b49\u8bcd\u7ec4\u5339\u914d\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6b63\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u8f93\u5165\u533a\u57df\u8fdb\u884c\u5339\u914d\u6bd4\u5982\u4ecb\u7ecd\u89c6\u9891\u4e2d\u7684\u5c06\u201couzza\u201d\u8f6c\u4e3a\u201cpizza\u201d\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5b57\u5178\u6765\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u5b9e\u65f6\u6539\u53d8\u952e\u76d8\u7684\u5404\u5b57\u6bcd\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u89e6\u6478\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b57\u6bcd\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u89e6\u53d1\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8f93\u5165\u201ctim\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u63a5\u4e0b\u4e86\u201ce\u201d\u5c31\u6bd4\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u201cw\u201d\u548c\u201cr\u201d\u7684\u89e6\u6478\u533a\u57df\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201ctime\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u8bcd\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u201ctimw\u201d\u548c\u201ctimr\u201d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u82f1\u6587\u5355\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728 Apple \u7684\u83b7\u5f97\u4e13\u5229\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0e iOS \u952e\u76d8\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u9879\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5c31\u6709\u6839\u636e\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\u6765\u52a8\u6001\u6539\u53d8\u89e6\u6478\u533a\u57df\u8fd9\u4e00\u9879\uff0c\u4e13\u5229\u53f7 7,900,156 \u540d\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cActivating virtual keys of a touch-screen virtual keyboard\u201d\uff0c\u76f8\u5e94\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u7533\u8bf7\u53f7\u4e3a 200680033988 \u540d\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u81f4\u52a8\u89e6\u6478 \u2014 \u5c4f\u5e55\u865a\u62df\u952e\u76d8\u7684\u865a\u62df\u952e\u201d\uff0c\u4e13\u5229\u5185\u5bb9\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u5316\uff0c\u5c06\u89e6\u6478\u533a\u57df\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u4e3a\u6309\u952e\u5982\u4f55\u6839\u636e\u89e6\u6478\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6765\u89e6\u53d1\uff0c\u89e6\u6478\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0e\u89e6\u53d1\u6309\u952e\u901a\u8fc7\u8ddd\u79bb\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u4e0e\u54ea\u4e2a\u6309\u952e\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u5c0f\u5c31\u89e6\u53d1\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u6309\u952e\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5f15\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6743\u91cd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u201ce\u201d\u6bd4\u201cw\u201d\u548c\u201cr\u201d\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6743\u91cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u201ce\u201d\u7684\u89e6\u6478\u8303\u56f4\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u4e13\u5229\u4f8b\u4e3e\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5220\u9664\u201d\u6309\u952e\u7684\u6743\u91cd\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6210\u5c0f\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u66f4\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u89e6\u53d1\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e13\u5229\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u9879\u6bd4\u8f83\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f D644,238 \u6574\u4e2a\u952e\u76d8\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a D621,848 \u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u6309\u952e\u88ab\u6309\u4e0b\u65f6\u6324\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u653e\u5927\u7684\u952e\u76d8\u6307\u793a\u724c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u4ece\u5c3a\u5bf8\u6765\u770b iOS \u952e\u76d8\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4e0a\u56fe\u662f iPhone 4 \u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u89c6\u7f51\u819c\u5c4f\u5e55\u7684\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u6240\u6807\u6ce8\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u4e3a px\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f 320*480 \u5c4f\u5e55\u7684\u4e24\u500d\uff0c\u524d\u540e\u952e\u76d8\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6362\u7b97\u6210 mm \u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5c3a\u5bf8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u7c7b\u4f3c 32 px\/326*25.4=2.49 mm\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c3a\u5bf8\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65e2\u6709\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4e5f\u6709\u611f\u6027\u7684\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u6570\u5b66\u4e00\u6837\u53bb\u53cd\u63a8\u3002iOS \u7684\u952e\u76d8\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e3a 430 px\uff08320*480 \u7684\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u65f6\u4e3a 215 px\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e 430 px \u4e0a\u65b9\u8fd8\u6709 2 px \u7684\u9ed1\u7ebf\uff09\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5c4f\u5e55\u6b63\u4e2d\u95f4\u5411\u4e0b\u504f 50 px\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u952e\u76d8\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u662f\u5c4f\u5e55\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7531\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u652f\u6491\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u628a\u5b83\u8bbe\u6210\u521a\u597d\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0a\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\u538b\u6291\uff08\u5747\u5206\u662f\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\uff09\u300276 px \u7684\u6309\u952e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u662f 5.92 mm\uff0c52 px \u6309\u952e\u5bbd\u5ea6\u662f 4.05 mm\uff0c12 px \u6309\u952e\u95f4\u8ddd\u662f 0.93 mm\uff0c32 px \u7684\u6309\u952e\u95f4\u8ddd\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b57\u9ad8\u662f 2.49 mm\uff0ciOS \u7684 <a href=\"http:\/\/developer.apple.com\/library\/ios\/documentation\/userexperience\/conceptual\/mobilehig\/Characteristics\/Characteristics.html#\/\/apple_ref\/doc\/uid\/TP40006556-CH7-SW6\">HIG<\/a> \u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u53ef\u89e6\u6478\u64cd\u4f5c\u5143\u7d20\u662f 44*44 point\uff0c\u8f6c\u6362\u5230 mm \u5355\u4f4d\u4e3a 6.90\uff0cWindows Phone 7 \u7684 <a href=\"http:\/\/msdn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/library\/hh202889%28v=VS.92%29.aspx\">HIG<\/a> \u4e2d\u4e5f\u8bf4\u5230\u6700\u5c0f\u89e6\u6478\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u662f 7 mm\uff08\u7d27\u63a5\u7740\u4e5f\u8bf4\u5230\u952e\u76d8\u548c\u94fe\u63a5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u989d\u5916\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u8865\u507f\uff09\u3002\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u673a\u5c3a\u5bf8\u53ef\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6a2a\u5411\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\uff0c\u800c\u4ece\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u9664\u4e86\u4f9d\u8d56\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u7ed3\u5408\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\u5728\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56\u540e\u8005\u66f4\u8fc5\u901f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece iOS \u952e\u76d8\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7ec6\u81f4\u5b89\u6392\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u201d\u3002<!--more--><\/p>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hi-id.com\/atcl\/2011\/android-ios-keyboard.png\"\/><\/p>\n<p>\u5c06 Android \u7684\u952e\u76d8\u548c iOS \u952e\u76d8\u4ee5\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\u4e3a\u51c6\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u9009\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2d\u6587\u8f93\u5165\u6cd5\u7684\u952e\u76d8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u952e\u76d8\u591a\u6570\u662f\u6a21\u4eff iOS \u952e\u76d8\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u5728\u5c3a\u5bf8\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u7a76\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e24\u6392\u6309\u952e\u6216\u95f4\u9699\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u6709 1 px \u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u53c2\u8003\u4ef7\u503c\u3002 Android \u952e\u76d8\u4e5f\u6709\u5c3a\u5bf8\u8be1\u5f02\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6309\u952e\u7684\u5706\u89d2\u662f 2px\uff0c2 px \u7684\u5706\u89d2\u5728\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u8868\u73b0\u529b\u7684\uff08\u53ea\u67093\u4e2a\u50cf\u7d20\u53c2\u4e0e\uff09\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u50cf\u952e\u76d8\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bc6\u96c6\u6392\u5e03\u7684\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u8ba9\u4eba\u611f\u89c9\u96be\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0a\u9762\u4e24\u4e2a\u952e\u76d8\uff0ciOS \u952e\u76d8\u867d\u7136\u5728\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\u4e0a\u5c0f\u4e8e Android \u952e\u76d8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6309\u952e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u95f4\u8ddd\u90fd\u8981\u5927\u4e8e Android \u952e\u76d8\uff0c\u6a2a\u5411\u7684 0.93 mm \u5bf9\u6bd4 0.87 mm\uff0c\u7eb5\u5411\u7684  2.49 mm \u5bf9\u6bd4 1.96 mm\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7eb5\u5411\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97 iOS \u952e\u76d8\u7684\u6309\u952e\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u548c\u5b89\u5fc3\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u7784\u51c6\u548c\u6309\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6 iOS \u4e0a 8px \u7684\u5706\u89d2\u4e5f\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002iOS \u952e\u76d8\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u9ed1\u8272\u7684 32 px \u9ad8\u7684\u5927\u5199 Helvetica \uff08Bold\uff09\uff0c\u800c Android \u952e\u76d8\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u662f\u767d\u8272\u7684 x-height \u4e3a 20 px \u7684\u5c0f\u5199 Droid Sans \uff08Bold\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u5bf9\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8f6e\u5ed3\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u9971\u6ee1\u7684\u8f6e\u5ed3\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\u7cbe\u529b\u5c0f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u91cd\u590d\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u952e\u76d8\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0cAndroid \u952e\u76d8\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0f\u5199\u7684\u5c0f\u5b57\u4f53\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u8d39\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7cbe\u529b\uff0c\u5b57\u4f53\u5c0f\u9700\u8981\u805a\u7126\uff0c\u800c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5c0f\u5199\u5b57\u4f53\u8f6e\u5ed3\u8ba9\u4eba\u4ed8\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7cbe\u529b\u6765\u62fe\u53d6\u8f6e\u5ed3\u800c\u4e14\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f1a\u6709\u8df3\u52a8\uff08\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u4e2d\u9014\u4e2d\u65ad\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u5199\u7684\u5927\u5b57\u4f53\uff0c\u5728\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u662f\u9971\u6ee1\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u8bc6\u522b\u4e0a\u6240\u8d39\u7cbe\u529b\u66f4\u5c11\u3002iOS \u952e\u76d8\u7684\u5b57\u4f53\u5e26\u6765\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u826f\u597d\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0e\u8bc6\u522b\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u540e\u7ee7\u52a8\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u7784\u51c6\uff0c\u5b83\u8ba9\u4eba\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u7784\u51c6\u548c\u6572\u51fb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6309\u952e\u4e0a\u6709\u5b57\u4f53\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7784\u51c6\u65f6\u9996\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\u5b57\u4f53\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u800c\u6309\u952e\u7684\u8f6e\u5ed3\u662f\u8f85\u52a9\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48 Android \u7684\u5c0f\u5199\u5b57\u4f53\u66f4\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u627e\u5230\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u50cf j l i \u7b49\u5c31\u663e\u5f97\u66f4\u96be\u4e86\u3002Android \u952e\u76d8\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u989c\u8272\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ece\u5b8c\u5168\u9ed1\u8272\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u5230\u7070\u8272\u7684\u6309\u952e\u518d\u5230\u767d\u8272\u7684\u5b57\u4f53\uff0c\u5f15\u5bfc\u89c6\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5230\u5c0f\u5b57\u4f53\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c iOS \u5bcc\u6709\u5c42\u6b21\u611f\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ece\u6709\u67d4\u548c\u6e10\u53d8\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u5230\u6e05\u6670\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u6309\u952e\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u9ed1\u8272\u7684\u5927\u5b57\u4f53\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u7684\u89c6\u529b\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5206\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5b57\u4f53\u548c\u6309\u952e\u611f\u89c9\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u7b26\u5408\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u611f\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u9634\u5f71\u3001\u6e10\u53d8\u548c\u9ad8\u5149\u8ba9\u754c\u9762\u66f4\u52a0\u5177\u5f62\u5316\uff0c\u4e30\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u201c\u4e30\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u201d\uff1f\u4ece iOS \u952e\u76d8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u521b\u65b0\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bf4\u8d77\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5f53\u6309\u952e\u88ab\u89e6\u53d1\u65f6\u6324\u51fa\u7684\u653e\u5927\u663e\u793a\u724c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f D621,848 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e13\u5229\u3002iPhone \u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u865a\u62df\u952e\u76d8\u4e5f\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u653e\u5927\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u57fa\u672c\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u4e0a\u65b9\u8df3\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u65b9\u5757\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf iOS \u6709\u6324\u51fa\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u5728\u611f\u89c9\u4e0a\u80fd\u5e73\u6ed1\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u3002\u653e\u5927\u663e\u793a\u4ece\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u662f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\uff0c\u5373\u6ca1\u6709 Apple \u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u540e\u6765\u8005\u90fd\u4f1a\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u5b83\u4f4d\u4e8e\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u4e3b\u5e72\u9053\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u50cf iOS \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u521b\u65b0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u653e\u5927\u663e\u793a\u724c\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u6309\u952e\u88ab\u89e6\u53d1\u540e\u624d\u663e\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u662f\u4e0d\u53c2\u4e0e\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u7784\u51c6\u548c\u6572\u51fb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6309\u952e\u51fa\u53d1\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5e26\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u6309\u9519\u4e86\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u5b83\u7684\u663e\u793a\u529f\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b83\u662f\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u53ea\u88ab\u6563\u843d\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u5173\u6ce8\u7740\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u53ea\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u8f85\u52a9\u4fee\u6b63\u8f93\u5165\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u5374\u201c\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u50cf\u90a3\u4e9b\u7ec6\u81f4\u523b\u753b\u4e86\u952e\u76d8\u5c42\u6b21\u611f\u7684\u9634\u5f71\u9ad8\u5149\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u952e\u76d8\u58f0\u97f3\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7f3a\u5931\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5c31\u50cf\u6ca1\u6709\u4e86\u6da6\u6ed1\u6cb9\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u80fd\u663e\u793a\u7528\u4e8e\u6bd4\u8f83\u521a\u624d\u6572\u51fb\u7684\u6309\u952e\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u4f53\u9a8c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u7136\u4e0e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p>iOS \u952e\u76d8\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4ece\u64cd\u4f5c\u524d\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u90fd\u8ba9\u4eba\u611f\u89c9\u5176\u9690\u542b\u7684\u4f18\u79c0\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4eba\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u6572\u51fb\u73bb\u7483\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u8981\u4e0b\u4e2a\u5c94\u9053\u6e9c\u8fbe\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u503c\u5f97\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>Built from scratch\uff0c\u59cb\u81ea\u7c97\u783a<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hi-id.com\/atcl\/2011\/apple-early-keyboard-tablet-patent.png\"\/><\/p>\n<p>iOS \u952e\u76d8\u7684\u6324\u51fa\u653e\u5927\u663e\u793a\u724c\u4f3c\u4e4e Apple \u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u505a\u4e86\uff0c\u5728 2005 \u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u4e13\u5229\u7533\u8bf7\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u4e0a\u56fe\u5de6\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4efd\u4e13\u5229\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u53f7\u4e3a 20060053387\uff0c\u9898\u76ee\u4e3a\u201cOperation of a computer with touch screen interface\u201d\uff0c\u53d1\u660e\u8005\u7f72\u540d\u53ea\u6709 Bas Ording \u4e00\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u4e13\u5229\u7533\u8bf7\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bf8\u5982\u6309\u952e\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u957f\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u65f6\u95f4\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u4e0a\u56fe\u8fd9\u4e2a\u952e\u76d8\u6307\u793a\u724c\u662f\u653e\u5728\u6700\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u5e94\u7528\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4efd\u4e13\u5229\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u7684\u663e\u793a\u724c\u662f\u201cpreview\u201d\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u754c\u9762\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u6fc0\u53d1\u5728\u4e3a\u671f\u6307\u6d3e\u529f\u80fd\u524d\u663e\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u6fc0\u53d1\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5f53\u624b\u6307\u505c\u7559\u5728\u89e6\u6478\u5c4f\u6216\u8005\u79fb\u52a8\u800c\u4e0d\u4e3e\u8d77\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u754c\u9762\u5143\u7d20\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5c31\u672a\u6fc0\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u56fe\u53f3\u6765\u81ea Apple \u5728 2004 \u5e74\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u4e13\u5229\u7533\u8bf7\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f Apple \u6700\u65e9\u7684\u51e0\u4efd\u4e0e\u591a\u70b9\u89e6\u6478\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e73\u677f\u7535\u8111\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4efd\u4e13\u5229\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u53f7\u7801\u4e3a 20060026535\uff0c\u4e13\u5229\u7684\u7f72\u540d\u6709 Bas Ording\uff0cGreg Christie \u548c Imran Chaudhri \u4e09\u4f4d\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\uff0cSteve Hotelling\uff0cBrian Huppi \u548c Joshua Strickon \u7684\u4e09\u4f4d\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4eba\u5458\uff0cJonathan Ive \u548c Duncan kerr \u4e24\u4f4d\u5de5\u4e1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u540d\u4e3a\u201cMode-based graphical user interfaces for touch sensitive input devices\u201d\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u6709 72 \u9875\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230 Apple \u5bf9\u591a\u70b9\u89e6\u6478\u7684\u5e73\u677f\u7535\u8111\u521d\u63a2\u65f6\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e3e\u4f8b\u56fe\u793a\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u5706\u73af\u5f62\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u56fe\u4e2d\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u4ece iPod \u4e2d\u7ee7\u627f\u800c\u6765\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u5728\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u6765\u5f88\u96be\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u591a\u70b9\u89e6\u6478\u4e86\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8\u8981\u5f15\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u989d\u5916\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u754c\u9762\u3002\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u64cd\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u96cf\u5f62\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 pinch-to-zoom \uff08\u4e13\u5229\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fd9\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u80cc\u666f\u5c31\u662f\u5730\u56fe\uff09\u548c\u65cb\u8f6c\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6ce8\u5b9a\u4f1a\u88ab\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u591a\u70b9\u89e6\u6478\u4ea4\u4e92\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e86\u201cSteve Jobs: A Biography\u201d\u8fd9\u672c\u4f20\u8bb0\u7684\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u6750\u6599\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e13\u5229\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u81f4\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b iPhone \u548c iPad \u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0cJonathan Ive \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u56e2\u961f\u6700\u65e9\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u591a\u70b9\u89e6\u6478\u5c4f\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3002Steve Jobs \u5728 D8 \u4e0a\u4e5f\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/v.youku.com\/v_show\/id_XMjk4NDM4Njg4.html\">\u89c6\u9891 36:30 \u5904<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u7ed9\u4ed6\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5e73\u677f\u7535\u8111\u7684\u6837\u673a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba9\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u6765\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u51e0\u661f\u671f\u540e Steve Jobs \u88ab\u81ea\u7136\u6eda\u52a8\uff08\u6a61\u76ae\u7b4b\u5f0f\u5f39\u8df3\uff09\u64cd\u4f5c\u7ed9\u9707\u60ca\u4e86\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u51b3\u5b9a\u5e94\u8be5\u5148\u505a\u624b\u673a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c31\u6709\u4e86 iPhone\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u6211\u731c\u6d4b\u662f Bas Ording\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6700\u65e9\u7684 List scrolling \u4e13\u5229 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/patents\/about\/7469381_List_scrolling_and_document_tran.html?id=n7WxAAAAEBAJ\">7,469,381<\/a> \u7f72\u540d\u53ea\u6709\u4ed6\u4e00\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u5e38\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u90fd\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7cbe\u5fc3\u89c4\u5212\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u90fd\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u5f88\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4fdd\u8bc1\u539f\u521b\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u770b iOS \u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u89e3\u5256\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u51e0\u9879\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u652f\u6491\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u4e86\u67b6\u5b50\u4e4b\u540e\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5b8c\u6210\u5b9e\u4f53\u5316\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0cSteve Jobs \u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9760\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u6eda\u52a8\u6548\u679c\u800c\u5f15\u5411 iPhone\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u521b\u65b0\u4e2d\u6709\u7684\u662f\u968f\u7740\u6df1\u5165\u81ea\u7136\u6216\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u6216\u53d1\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 pinch-to-zoom\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u95ea\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 uspto \u641c\u7d22\u50cf <a href=\"http:\/\/patft.uspto.gov\/netacgi\/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&#038;Sect2=HITOFF&#038;p=1&#038;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&#038;r=0&#038;f=S&#038;l=50&#038;TERM1=apple&#038;FIELD1=ASNM&#038;co1=AND&#038;TERM2=bas&#038;FIELD2=INNM&#038;d=PTXT\">Bas Ording<\/a>\uff0c<a href=\"http:\/\/patft.uspto.gov\/netacgi\/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&#038;Sect2=HITOFF&#038;p=1&#038;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&#038;r=0&#038;f=S&#038;l=50&#038;TERM1=apple&#038;FIELD1=ASNM&#038;co1=AND&#038;TERM2=Christie&#038;FIELD2=INNM&#038;d=PTXT\">Greg Christie<\/a> \u548c <a href=\"http:\/\/patft.uspto.gov\/netacgi\/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&#038;Sect2=HITOFF&#038;p=1&#038;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&#038;r=0&#038;f=S&#038;l=50&#038;TERM1=apple&#038;FIELD1=ASNM&#038;co1=AND&#038;TERM2=Chaudhri&#038;FIELD2=INNM&#038;d=PTXT\">Imran Chaudhri<\/a> \u7b49\u8fd9\u51e0\u5458\u5927\u5c06\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u4f60\u57fa\u672c\u90fd\u641c\u7d22\u4e0d\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u53ef\u4ee5\u641c\u7d22\u52301998\u5e74 Bas Ording \u5728\u5230 Apple \u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0d\u4e45\u56de\u8377\u5170\u4f5c\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff0c\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u6587\u5b57<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vanriet.com\/doors\/doors5\/content\/ording.html\">\u89c1\u8fd9<\/a>\uff0c\u4e24\u5f20\u56fe\u7247<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vanriet.com\/doors\/doors5\/press3.html\">\u89c1\u8fd9<\/a>\uff0c\u8bb2\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u6309\u94ae\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e24\u5f20\u5c0f\u56fe\u770b\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u539f\u59cb\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u7c97\u783a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u73b0\u5728\u53bb<a href=\"http:\/\/patft.uspto.gov\/netacgi\/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&#038;Sect2=HITOFF&#038;p=1&#038;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&#038;r=0&#038;f=S&#038;l=50&#038;TERM1=apple&#038;FIELD1=ASNM&#038;co1=AND&#038;TERM2=bas&#038;FIELD2=INNM&#038;d=PTXT\">\u641c\u7d22<\/a> Bas Ording \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e13\u5229\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5f88\u591a\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4ed6\u90fd\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u6216\u8005\u72ec\u7acb\u4e00\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u201c\u5fae\u521b\u65b0\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u81ea\u4e3b\u521b\u65b0\u201d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u521b\u65b0\u6709\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u9650\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u6216\u8005\u6709\u9ad8\u6280\u672f\u542b\u91cf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u624d\u53eb\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u539f\u521b\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53bb\u641c\u7d22 Apple \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982  Imran Chaudhri\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4ecb\u7ecd\u53ea\u6709\u5f88\u77ed\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u201cI make things\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53e5\u53ef\u89c6\u4f5c\u8c26\u5351\u4e5f\u53ef\u89c6\u4f5c\u9ad8\u5c1a\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf Jonathan Ive \u81f4 Steve Jobs \u7684\u60bc\u8bcd\u4e00\u6837\uff1a\u201cSteve loved ideas, and loved making stuff.\u201d \u800c\u201c\u81ea\u4e3b\u521b\u65b0\u201d\u9664\u4e86\u53ef\u95fb\u5230\u8150\u673d\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c14\u5473\u8fd8\u6709\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u5351\uff0c\u201c\u5fae\u521b\u65b0\u201d\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u9f9f\u58f3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u59cb\u81ea\u7c97\u783a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u53bb\u518d\u53d1\u660e\u8f6e\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u53bb\u89e6\u53ca\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u4e00\u5c42\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u88ab\u5236\u4f5c\u800c\u6210\u53c8\u662f\u600e\u6837\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u613f\u653e\u5f03\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u4f60\u505a\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u6362\u80a4\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5b9a\u5236\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b9a\u5236\u201d\u4e4b\u7c7b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u59cb\u81ea\u7c97\u783a\u201d\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u4f60\u5728\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff0c\u4f46\u7ed3\u679c\u8981\u4e48\u6d45\u5c1d\u8f84\u6b62\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6d4b\u8bd5\u88ab\u7f20\u4f4f\u5373\u4f7f\u60f3\u91cd\u65b0\u201c\u59cb\u81ea\u7c97\u783a\u201d\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u6cd5\u8131\u8eab\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f80\u56de\u8d70\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u7528\u6237\u4f53\u9a8c<\/h3>\n<p>\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5236\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ea7\u54c1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7528\u6237\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u6bb5\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e86\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u7528\u6237\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u5f53\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u8c08\u8bba\u7528\u6237\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5f88\u591a\u66f2\u89e3\uff0c\u4f53\u9a8c\u662f\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u4f5c\u4e00\u6bb5\u8def\u7a0b\u7684\u884c\u8d70\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5236\u4f5c\u8005\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u4e3a\u7528\u6237\u5f00\u8def\uff0c\u8ba9\u7528\u6237\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u6109\u5feb\u548c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u65c5\u7a0b\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8981\u505a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u7528\u6237\u4f53\u9a8c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u628a\u7cbe\u529b\u653e\u5728\u90a3\u4e00\u6bb5\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u7528\u6237\u4e0a\u8def\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u63a8\u4e00\u8f86\u5c0f\u63a8\u8f66\u201c\u82b1\u751f\u3001\u74dc\u5b50\u3001\u77ff\u6cc9\u6c34\u201d\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u8d3f\u8d42\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53bb\u6bd4\u8c01\u66f4\u4f1a\u4f53\u8d34\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f Making stuff \u4e86\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u8ba9\u7528\u6237\u611f\u5230\u6109\u60a6\uff0c\u548c\u53d6\u60a6\u7528\u6237\u6765\u9a97\u53d6\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u662f\u4e24\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u52a8\u4e0d\u52a8\u5c31\u5c06\u201c\u7528\u6237\u653e\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u201d\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u8981\u907f\u800c\u8fdc\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6284\u6761\u5c0f\u8def\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u4e3b\u9053\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u5f00\u59cb\u8bf4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u6837\u662f\u4e00\u5757\u73bb\u7483\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u7684\u8ba9\u4eba\u6572\u51fb\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u4e0e\u73bb\u7483\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ea4\u4e92\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ea4\u4e92\u754c\u9762\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e0e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4f18\u52a3\u7684\u7279\u6027\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6bd4\u5982 iOS \u7684\u952e\u76d8\u6bd4 Android \u7684\u952e\u76d8\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u6309\u4e0b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48 iOS \u952e\u76d8\u5177\u6709\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u548c\u7279\u6027\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u201c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u597d\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b54\u6848\u592a\u8fc7\u7b3c\u7edf\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u7528 James J. Gibson \u7684 Affordance \u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u9608\u4e0b\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u611f\u77e5\uff0c\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u5c5e\u6027<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hi-id.com\/atcl\/2011\/affordance-milk-carton-elbow-window.jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u9608\u4e0b\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u8363\u683c\u5728\u300a\u672c\u80fd\u4e0e\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u628a\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u672a\u88ab\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u603b\u548c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fc3\u7406\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u6070\u5f53\u5730\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u2018\u9608\u4e0b\u7684\u2019\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u5b9a\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc3\u7406\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u503c\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u503c\u8d8a\u662f\u53d8\u4f4e\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u8d8a\u662f\u5bb9\u6613\u6d88\u5931\u5728\u9608\u4e0b\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u6240\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u5931\u843d\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u6240\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ecd\u7136\u5fae\u5f31\u5f97\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u88ab\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u6536\u5bb9\u6240\u3002\u201d\u8363\u683c\u8fd8\u5c06\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u5206\u6210\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u50cf\u88ab\u538b\u6291\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5185\u5bb9\u4e4b\u7c7b\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f53\u9a8c\u548c\u540e\u5929\u4e60\u5f97\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u5148\u5929\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u91cc\u8981\u8c08\u8bba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u8303\u56f4\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6db5\u76d6\u9762\u5927\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f1a\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5b83\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u91c7\u7528\u9608\u4e0b\u610f\u8bc6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u5e73\u65f6\u8fd8\u8bf4\u7684\u6f5c\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u4e0b\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u5f31\u610f\u8bc6\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u7ad9\u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u9650\u5b9a\u4e0a\u66f4\u8f7b\u677e\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u9608\u4e0b\u610f\u8bc6\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u540e\u77e5\u540e\u89c9\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5ef6\u65f6\u8fdb\u5165\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u611f\u77e5\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5de6\u56fe\u6765\u81ea\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u6216\u8005\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5e38\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u725b\u5976\u76d2\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u6276\u624b\u680f\u6746\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u725b\u5976\u76d2\u7684\u5e95\u9762\u4e0e\u6276\u624b\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0f\u53f0\u9762\u521a\u597d\u76f8\u7b26\u5408\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6276\u624b\u5c31\u5728\u7b49\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c06\u8981\u88ab\u6254\u5f03\u7684\u725b\u5976\u5305\u88c5\u76d2\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u4f1a\u5728\u524d\u540e\u5217\u4e3e\u5176\u4ed6\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u62c9\u626f\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u5783\u573e\u6876\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u6254\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u548c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5783\u573e\u6876\u5f20\u5f97\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u6210\u662f\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5783\u573e\u6876\u67b6\u9ad8\u4e86\uff0c\u81ea\u884c\u8f66\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7bee\u5b50\u5374\u88ab\u4eba\u5f53\u4f5c\u5783\u573e\u6876\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u8f66\u7ad9\u7ad9\u724c\u8fb9\u7684\u94c1\u7ba1\u62a4\u680f\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u5ea7\u6905\uff0c\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u540e\u94c1\u7ba1\u5c31\u5f2f\u66f2\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u521a\u597d\u9002\u5408\u4eba\u5750\u4e0b\u3002\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u4f1a\u7528\u201c\u521a\u521a\u597d\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eba\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53f3\u56fe\u6765\u81ea <a href=\"http:\/\/www.stylepark.com\/en\/news\/down-with-the-window-and-out-with-your-elbow\/325250\">Stylepark<\/a> \u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff1aDown with the window! And out with your elbow! \u6587\u7ae0\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e60\u60ef\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u98ce\u4fd7\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\uff0c\u8bf4\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e60\u60ef\u5927\u7ea6\u5728 1950 \u5e74\u4ee3\u88ab\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u8ffd\u62ac\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u60a0\u54c9\u60a0\u54c9\u5f00\u7740\u8f66\uff0c\u540c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6253\u62db\u547c\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u662f\u4ece\u6587\u5316\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u89e3\u8bfb\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6392\u9664\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u201c\u521a\u521a\u597d\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u548c\u8ddd\u79bb\u5728\u5f15\u8bf1\u4eba\u5c06\u624b\u81c2\u653e\u4e0a\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7531\u9608\u4e0b\u610f\u8bc6\u5bf9\u5468\u906d\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u5e76\u4e14\u8eab\u4f53\u4f5c\u51fa\u76f4\u63a5\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u65f6\u65f6\u523b\u523b\u90fd\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u5b83\u4e0e\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5dee\u522b\u5462\uff1f\u610f\u8bc6\u884c\u4e3a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u89c6\u529b\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u7b49\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u610f\u8bc6\u540e\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5219\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u800c\u672a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u6167\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5bf9\u9608\u4e0b\u610f\u8bc6\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u7eaf\u7cb9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u4ece 1998 \u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u505a\u7684\u201cWithout Thought\u201d\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684 Workshop \u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eba\u548c\u7269\u5173\u7cfb\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u8bbe\u8ba1\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6fc0\u53d1\u4eba\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\u5230\u592a\u591a\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u597d\u4e8b\uff0c\u4eba\u548c\u7269\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u52a0\u601d\u8003\u201d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u95ee\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u505c\u7559\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u53bb\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u521a\u521a\u597d\u201d\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u628a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u5bf9\u51c6\u4eba\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e60\u60ef\u4e4b\u7c7b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7269\u4f53\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u53f8\u673a\u7684\u624b\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u6401\u5230\u8f66\u7a97\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u521a\u597d\u5408\u9002\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u201c\u521a\u521a\u597d\u201d\u8ba4\u4f5c\u662f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u53bb\u601d\u8003\u4eba\u4e0e\u7269\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u62d3\u5bbd\u8ba4\u77e5\u89c6\u91ce\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u201c\u521a\u521a\u597d\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u79cd\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3001\u786c\u5ea6\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u7b49\u7269\u7406\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u6784\u6210\u8fd9\u4ef6\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u57fa\u7840\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4eba\u76f8\u5173\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c5e\u6027\u4e5f\u65e0\u4ece\u8c08\u8d77\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8f66\u7a97\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u53f8\u673a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u521a\u521a\u597d\u201d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n<h3>Affordance<\/h3>\n<p>affordance \u662f James J. Gibson \u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0cGibson \u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5f0f\u89c6\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u548c\u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u4e3a\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u9886\u5730\u3002affordance \u662f afford (\u63d0\u4f9b\u3001\u7ed9\u4e88\u3001\u627f\u62c5)\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u7684 affordance \u662f\u6307\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u597d\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u574f\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u53ef\u4f9b\u6027\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u9002\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002Gibson \u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca affordance \u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u5757\u5730\u8868\u9762\u63a5\u8fd1\u6c34\u5e73\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u503e\u659c\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u63a5\u8fd1\u5e73\u6574\u7684\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u51f8\u8d77\u6216\u51f9\u9677\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5145\u5206\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684\uff08\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\u76f8\u5173\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5730\u8868\u9762\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u575a\u786c\u7684\uff08\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u91cd\u91cf\u76f8\u5173\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u79f0\u5b83\u4e3a\u57fa\u5e95\u3001\u573a\u5730\u6216\u5730\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ad9\u4e0a\u53bb\u7684\uff08stan-on-able\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u8ba9\u56db\u8db3\u6216\u4e24\u8db3\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u6301\u7ad6\u76f4\u59ff\u52bf\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u884c\u8d70\uff08walk-on-able\uff09\u548c\u8dd1\u52a8\uff08run-over-able\uff09\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u50cf\u6c34\u8868\u9762\u6216\u6cbc\u6cfd\u8868\u9762\u4e4b\u4e8e\u4e00\u5b9a\u91cd\u91cf\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u90a3\u6837\u662f\u53ef\u9677\u5165\u7684\uff08sink-into-able\uff09\u3002\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u56db\u9879\u5c5e\u6027\u2014\u2014\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u5e73\u6574\u3001\u5ef6\u4f38\u548c\u575a\u786c\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u9762\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\u8861\u53bb\u8861\u91cf\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u652f\u6491\u53ef\u4f9b\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u5173\u8054\u4e0a\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8861\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e3a\u6240\u6307\u52a8\u7269\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u59ff\u52bf\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5 affordance \u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\u90a3\u6837\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Gibson \u7684\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u4e4b\u4f5c\u300aThe Ecological Approach To Visual Perception\u300b\u7684\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u5c31\u662f Affordance \u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u53ef\u4ee5\u5355\u72ec\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 UBC \u5927\u5b66\u68ee\u6797\u5b66\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u6570\u5b57\u73af\u5883\u8bc4\u4f30\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u73af\u5883\u611f\u77e5\u8bfe\u7684<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ideal.forestry.ubc.ca\/frst524\/\">\u7f51\u4e0a\u8bfe\u8868<\/a>\u4e2d\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5230\uff08\u91cc\u9762\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5468\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u6709 pdf \u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e24\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e5f\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u770b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u73af\u5883\u7684 affordance \u65e2\u4e0d\u50cf\u7269\u7406\u5c5e\u6027\u90a3\u6837\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5ba2\u89c2\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4e0d\u50cf\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u610f\u4e49\u90a3\u6837\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u89c2\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u53c8\u662f\u65e2\u4e3b\u89c2\u53c8\u5ba2\u89c2\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u819d\u540c\u9ad8\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u5e73\u6574\u3001\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u5ef6\u4f38\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u5b9a\u786c\u5ea6\u7684\u8868\u9762\u5b83\u662f\u201c\u53ef\u4f9b\u5750\u4e0b\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u968f\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u800c\u6539\u53d8\uff08\u603b\u662f\u201c\u53ef\u4f9b\u5750\u4e0b\u7684\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u53c8\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u201c\u53ef\u4f9b\u5750\u4e0b\u7684\u201d\u5c31\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u3002Gibson \u8ba4\u4e3a affordance \u8de8\u8d8a\u4e86\u4e3b\u89c2\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u7269\u7406\u7684\u4e5f\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u540c\u65f6\u6307\u5411\u73af\u5883\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684 niche \uff08niche \u5728\u5efa\u7b51\u4e2d\u662f\u58c1\u9f9b\uff0c\u6307\u653e\u5851\u50cf\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff09\u6307\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u9002\u5408\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u73af\u5883\u7279\u5f81\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5b83\u5173\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u662f\u600e\u6837\u751f\u5b58\u7684\uff0cGibson \u5c06 niche \u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u5957  affordance\u3002\u611f\u77e5 affordance \u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bf9\u7269\u54c1\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e00\u5757\u77f3\u5934\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6295\u63b7\u7269\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7eb8\u538b\u3001\u4e66\u6321\u3001\u9524\u5b50\u6216\u8005\u6446\u9524\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u53e0\u52a0\u5230\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u5757\u77f3\u5934\u4e0a\u6210\u4e3a\u77f3\u7891\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u5835\u77f3\u5899\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a59\u5b50\u5728\u9965\u997f\u7684\u4eba\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u53ef\u98df\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6124\u6012\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u53ef\u6295\u63b7\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b affordance \u5404\u81ea\u662f\u5171\u5b58\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u754c\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>affordance \u662f Gibson \u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u662f Gibson \u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8ba4\u77e5\u7406\u8bba\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u89c6\u77e5\u89c9\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8ba4\u77e5\u8bba\u53ef\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u95f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4f1a\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5212\u5206\u6216\u95e8\u6d3e\u6bd4\u5982\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u683c\u5f0f\u5854\u4e4b\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u7b3c\u7edf\u7684\u79f0\u4e3a\u95f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u3002\u95f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u77e5\u89c9\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\uff0c\u5c06\u89c6\u7f51\u819c\u63a5\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u8111\u52a0\u5de5\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5173\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4eba\uff08\u52a8\u7269\uff09\u7684\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u706f\u5149\u7167\u5c04\u5230\u63a5\u6536\u8005\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u63a5\u6536\u8005\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u89c9\u4f5c\u51fa\u63a8\u8bba\u5e76\u7ed9\u51fa\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u523a\u6fc0\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u7ecf\u8fc7\u52a0\u5de5\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc3\u50cf\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u548c\u5174\u8d77\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5904\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u8f93\u5165\u201d\u201c\u8f93\u51fa\u201d\u7b49\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u66f4\u52a0\u5927\u4f17\u5316\u3002\u95f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u77e5\u89c9\u662f\u4eba\u79ef\u6781\u548c\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c06\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u4e0e\u5047\u8bbe\u3001\u671f\u671b\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u52a8\u673a\u3001\u60c5\u7eea\u7b49\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u52a0\u5de5\u5904\u7406\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u3002\u800c\u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u610f\u4e49\u5c31\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u611f\u77e5\u8005\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8d4b\u4ee5\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6536\u96c6\u4fe1\u606f\uff08pickup \u62fe\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e94\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u5904\u7406\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u4e49\u5c31\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u4e2d\u8bf4\u660e\u5b83\u4e0d\u5355\u5355\u662f\u7269\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5 Gibson \u5c31\u8df3\u51fa\u4e86\u8bf8\u5982\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\uff08\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\uff09\u7b49\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u6784\u7b51\u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u611f\u77e5\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u95f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u901a\u5e38\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u662f\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u9759\u6b62\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u89c6\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f88\u591a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e66\u5c31\u53ea\u5728\u5206\u6790\u89c6\u9519\u89c9\uff0c\u800c Gibson \u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u5f3a\u8c03\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u662f\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u4f4f\u3002Gibson \u5c06\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4ece\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u5e26\u5165\u5230\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u76f2\u70b9\u3001\u6b8b\u50cf\u3001\u8fd1\u89c6\u3001\u6563\u5149\u4e4b\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u6750\u6599\u7684\u89c6\u9519\u89c9\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e24\u53ea\u773c\u7403\u8ddd\u79bb\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u611f\u6216\u8005\u89c6\u7f51\u819c\u6210\u50cf\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba8\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u600e\u6837\u8bc6\u522b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u989c\u8272\u5149\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ed6\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8eab\u8fb9\u7684\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u600e\u6837\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u8f6e\u5ed3\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u770b\u5f85\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u66ff\u4ee3\u4f20\u7edf\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u89c6\u7f51\u819c\u56fe\u50cf\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0cGibson \u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201cOptic Array\u201d\uff08\u5149\u5b66\u5206\u5e03\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u5149\u5b66\u5206\u5e03\u201d\u4e2d\u62fe\u53d6\uff08pickup\uff09\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Gibson \u4e5f\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u201cMEDIUM\u201d\uff08\u4ecb\u8d28\uff09\u3001\u201cSUBSTANCES\u201d\uff08\u5b9e\u4f53\uff09\u548c\u201cSUFACES\u201d\uff08\u8868\u9762\uff09\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5468\u906d\u73af\u5883\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u533a\u5206\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u3002Gibson \u7528\u6211\u4eec\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u59cb\u6a21\u578b\u5c55\u5f00\u5bf9\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5730\u7403\u7531\u571f\u3001\u6c34\u548c\u7a7a\u6c14\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u56fa\u4f53\u4e00\u79cd\u6db2\u4f53\u548c\u4e00\u79cd\u6c14\u4f53\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u4ea4\u63a5\u5904\u5c31\u662f\u8868\u9762\u3002\u6c14\u4f53\u548c\u6db2\u4f53\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u56fa\u4f53\u7684\u662f\u8eab\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u63d0\u4f9b\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u7a7a\u6c14\u6bd4\u6c34\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u52a8\u7269\u79fb\u52a8\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u963b\u529b\u66f4\u5c0f\uff1b\u7a7a\u6c14\u548c\u6c34\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u5149\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3a\u89c6\u89c9\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53ef\u4f9b\u6027\uff1b\u7a7a\u6c14\u548c\u6c34\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u8f93\u58f0\u6ce2\u2026\u2026\u7a7a\u6c14\u548c\u548c\u6c34\u662f\u4ecb\u8d28\uff0c\u4ecb\u8d28\u662f\u5747\u8d28\u7684\u3002\u5b9e\u4f53\u662f\u6df7\u5408\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5149\u81ea\u7531\u901a\u8fc7\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fa\u6001\u548c\u534a\u56fa\u6001\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8868\u9762\u662f Gibson \u751f\u6001\u5b66\u7684\u89c6\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u73af\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7eb9\u7406\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 layout\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u5176\u4e0a\u751f\u5b58\u5e76\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u6539\u53d8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u8868\u9762\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u89c1\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u5468\u906d\u7684\u8868\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Gibson \u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e0a\u5f00\u8f9f\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5185\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5907\u6216\u8005\u4e89\u8bae\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5e26\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e00\u79cd\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u56e0\u4e3a\u504f\u79bb\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u9759\u6b62\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u504f\u5411\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u504f\u5411\u8be0\u91ca\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u88ab\u9a73\u5012\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u79cd\u89c6\u89d2\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u89d2\u5ea6\u6216\u8005\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u4e5f\u4e3a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e26\u6765\u542f\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>Donald Norman \u548c Affordance<\/h3>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5c06 Gibson \u7684 affordance \u6216\u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u540c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48 Donald Norman \u80af\u5b9a\u4f1a\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u5230\uff0cDonald Norman \u5c06 affordance \u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4f7f\u7528\u5730\u758f\u5ffd\u4e5f\u7559\u4e0b\u4e0d\u5c11\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8ba9 affordance \u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6539\u53d8\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u518d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Donald Norman \u662f\u5728\u300aDesign of Everyday Things\u300b\u5373\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165 affordance \u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u6d41\u884c\uff0caffordance \u968f\u4e4b\u4e5f\u88ab\u66f4\u591a\u4eba\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u4ee5\u53ca\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u4e2d\u5c31\u88ab\u57cb\u6ca1\u4e86\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u4e2d\u5c06  affordance \u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u9884\u8bbe\u7528\u9014\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4f1a\u5c06 affordance \u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u793a\u80fd\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 Don Norman \u6388\u6743\u7684 uigarden \u5bf9 Norman \u4e00\u7bc7\u6f84\u6e05  affordance \u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684<a href=\"http:\/\/www.uigarden.net\/chinese\/shi-neng-xing-yu-she-ji\">\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6587\u7ae0<\/a>\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5168\u7bc7\u53ea\u6709\u5f00\u5934\u5c06 affordance \u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u793a\u80fd\u6027\u201d\uff08\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u53ef\u89c1\u6027\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5bf9 Donald Norman \u6587\u7ae0\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u610f\u601d\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6b67\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6b63\u7531\u4e8e Norman \u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u758f\u5ffd\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e0e affordance \u539f\u6765\u7684\u610f\u601d\u76f8\u53bb\u751a\u8fdc\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u624d\u6709\u4e86\u540e\u6765 Norman \u7684\u6f84\u6e05\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c31\u662f uigarden \u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7bc7\u3002\u6211\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u53ef\u4f9b\u6027\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u542b\u4e49\u4e0a\u91cd\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u66f4\u52a0\u672f\u8bed\u8bdd\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u539f\u6765\u7684\u751f\u9020\u8bcd\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300aDesign of Everyday Things\u300b\uff08\u300a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\uff09\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u5f15\u5165 affordance \u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u4e24\u5904\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\u201c\u65e5\u5e38\u7269\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8282\u4e2d\u4ee5\u201caffordance\u201d\u4e3a\u4e00\u5c0f\u8282\u4f5c\u4e86\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282\u201c\u5c06 affordance \u548c\u9650\u5236\u56e0\u7d20\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u65e5\u5e38\u7269\u54c1\u4e0a\u201d\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u91cc Norman \u5bf9 affordance \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u201cthe term affordance refers to the perceived and actual properties of the thing, primarily those fundamental properties that determine just how the thing could possibly be used.\u201d\u8bf4\u7684\u662f affordance \u662f\u7269\u4f53\u88ab\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u51b3\u5b9a\u7269\u54c1\u53ef\u4ee5\u600e\u6837\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u63a5\u7740\u5728\u4e3e\u4f8b\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d Norman \u7684 affordance \u4f7f\u7528\u60f3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u770b\u5230\u7684\u53ea\u7b26\u5408\u81ea\u5df1\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u9762\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u201c\u53ef\u4f9b\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u8bfb\u8005\u770b\u6765 affordance \u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u7269\u54c1\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u6765\u544a\u8bc9\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Norman \u610f\u8bc6\u5230 affordance \u7ecf\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u540e\u6d41\u884c\u5230\u4e86\u6ee5\u7528\uff0c\u4e0e\u539f\u610f\u76f8\u53bb\u751a\u8fdc\uff0c\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6f84\u6e05\u6587\u7ae0\u6bd4\u5982 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jnd.org\/dn.mss\/affordances_and_design.html\">Affordances and Design<\/a> \u4ee5\u53ca <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jnd.org\/dn.mss\/affordance_conventions_and_design_part_2.html\">Affordance, Conventions and Design (Part 2)<\/a> \u7b49\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4ed6\u8bf4\u9053\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528\u201cperceived affordance\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u88ab\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684 affordance \uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u771f\u5b9e\u7684 affordance\uff0cNorman \u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u5b9e\u4f53\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684 affordance \u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u7684 affordance \uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u57fa\u4e8e\u5c4f\u5e55\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u754c\u9762\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u80fd\u64cd\u63a7\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u611f\u77e5 affordance\uff0cNorman \u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u952e\u76d8\u3001\u663e\u793a\u5c4f\u3001\u6307\u793a\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u9f20\u6807\uff09\u548c\u9009\u62e9\u6309\u952e\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u9f20\u6807\u6309\u952e\uff09\u53ef\u4f9b\u6307\u793a\u3001\u89e6\u6478\u3001\u89c2\u770b\u548c\u70b9\u51fb\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u50cf\u7d20\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8fd9\u4e9b affordance \u6ca1\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u8bd5\u60f3\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c4f\u5e55\u5e76\u975e\u89e6\u6478\u5c4f\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4f9b\u7528\u6237 \u89e6\u6478\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a affordance \u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u591a\u4eba\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6e05\u6d01\u5c4f\u5e55\u7528\u7684\u7eb8\u5dfe\u548c\u6e05\u6d01\u5242\u7684\u9500\u552e\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5c4f\u5e55\u90fd\u53ef\u4f9b\u89e6\u6478\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u80fd\u591f\u5bdf\u89c9\u5230\u89e6\u6478\u5e76\u4f1a\u4f5c\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ef\u4f9b\u89e6\u6478\u8fd9\u4e2a affordance \u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u89e6\u6478\u5c4f\u4f1a\u8ba9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\uff08\u89e6\u6478\uff09affordance \u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u89c9\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u89e6\u6478\u70b9\u7684\u4e0b\u65b9\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a affordance\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u89c6\u89c9\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u201d\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8ba9\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u54ea\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u70b9\u51fb\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u7528\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u548c\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u53ef\u611f\u77e5 affordance \u7684\u771f\u6b63\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u70b9\u51fb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u4e0a\u9762 Norman \u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9 affrodance \u7684\u8bef\u89e3\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4ea4\u4e92\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8ba9\u4eba\u89c9\u5f97\u6b64\u65f6 affordance \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u662f\u591a\u4f59\u7684\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002Norman \u7684\u300a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u7684\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u540e Norman \u6240\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728 HCI \uff08Human\u2013computer interaction\uff09\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c4f\u5e55\u663e\u793a\u56fe\u5f62\u754c\u9762\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5927\u9762\u79ef\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u662f\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u3002\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u540e\u6765\uff0c Norman \u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jnd.org\/dn.mss\/signifiers_not_affordances.html\">Signifiers, not affordances<\/a>\uff0c\u7528\u201c\u793a\u610f\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e86 affordance\uff0c\u5e76\u53f7\u53ec\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u4eec\u5fd8\u6389 affordance \u5427\uff08\u6216\u8bb8\u6f5c\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u62b1\u6b49\u554a\uff0c\u5e26\u4f60\u4eec\u7ed5\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f2f\u3002\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e Norman \u7684 affordance \u548c Gibson \u7684 affordance \u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u4f5c\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0cJoanna McGrenere \u548c Wayne Ho \u5199\u8fc7\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0  Affordances: Clarifying and Evolving a Concept \u4f5c\u8fc7\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.ubc.ca\/~joanna\/papers\/GI2000_McGrenere_Affordances.pdf\">PDF \u94fe\u63a5<\/a>\uff09\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u6307\u51fa Gibson \u7684 affordance \u6709\u4e09\u9879\u6839\u672c\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff1a1. affordance \u662f\u4e0e\u4e00\u4f4d\u7279\u5b9a\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u80fd\u529b\u76f8\u5173\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u30022. affordance \u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u30023. affordance \u4e0d\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u800c Norman \u5c06 affordance \uff08\u6307\u300aDesign of Everyday Things\u300b\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e0a\u5199\u7684\uff09\u5206\u6210\u4e86\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u5c5e\u6027\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\uff0cNorman \u8ba4\u4e3a affordance \u4e0e\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c5e\u6027\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u800c Gibson \u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u4e0d\u540c affordance \u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5dee\u522b\u7684\uff08\u6307\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3b\u6b21\u6216\u8005\u7528\u4e8e\u8bc6\u522b\u8fd9\u4e00\u7269\u54c1\u7684 affordance\uff09\uff0c\u5728 Norman \u7684 affordance \u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u4e0e\u6846\u67b6\u3002Gibson \u8ba4\u4e3a affordance \u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u800c Norman \u5219\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5c06 Affordance \u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7cbe\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u5bf9 Gibson \u6765\u8bf4 affordance \u7684\u53c2\u7167\u6846\u67b6\u662f\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c Norman \u7684\u662f\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\uff0cNorman \u8bf4\u7684 affordance \u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86 Gibson \u548c Norman \u7684 affordance \u533a\u522b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5728 HCI \u9886\u57df\u5bf9 affordance \u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u52aa\u529b\u505a\u4e86\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d William. W. Gaver \u7684\u201cTechnology Affordances\u201d\uff081991\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u5c06 Gibson \u7684 affordance \u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e Norman \u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5e26\u5165\u5230 HCI \u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u548c Norman \u4e00\u6837\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u95e8\uff0cGaver \u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5efa\u8bae\u95e8\u7684 affordance \u800c\u4e0d\u662f Norman \u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14 Gaver \u5f15\u5165\u4e86 Gibson \u7684 affordance \u53ef\u5d4c\u5957\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a affordance \u53ef\u5d4c\u5957\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7236\u7ea7 affordance \u4e0b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u4e0b\u5d4c\u5957\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u7ea7 affordance\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u62c9\u4e00\u4e2a\u95e8\u628a\u624b\u7684 affordance \u662f\u5d4c\u5957\u4e8e\u6253\u5f00\u95e8\u8fd9\u4e2a affordance \u4e0b\u7684\uff0cGaver \u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u9690\u85cf\u7684 affordance \u8fdb\u884c\u642d\u914d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0b\u56fe\u5de6\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hi-id.com\/atcl\/2011\/perception-information-affordance-degree.jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p>\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u6e05\u695a\u90a3\u4e9b\u7528 Norman \u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8981\u88ab\u5e26\u7ed5\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u3002\u53f3\u56fe\u662f Joanna McGrenere \u548c Wayne Ho \u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5c06 affordance  \u8fdb\u884c\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u6269\u5c55\u6210\u6709\u68af\u5ea6\u7684\u53ef\u5ea6\u91cf\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u4e0e\u56fe\u5f62\u754c\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u548c Affordance \u4ee5\u53ca Gibson \u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba<\/h3>\n<p>\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u4e5f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7 Donald Norman \u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e86 affordance \u548c Gibson \u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7684\uff0c\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u8bf4\u4ed6\u662f 1989 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u542c\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u5728 IDEO \u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c IDEO \u5f53\u65f6\u5c31\u6709\u4ea4\u4e92\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4eba\u673a\u754c\u9762\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u800c Donald Norman \u90a3\u672c\u4e66 1988\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u53eb\u505a\u300aThe Psychology of Everyday Things\u300b\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\u4e86 Norman \u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u5bf9 affordance \u7684\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u53ea\u5728\u4eba\u673a\u5de5\u7a0b\u65b9\u9762\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a affordance \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u5904\u7406\u7269\u54c1\u65f6\u5224\u65ad\u4e0d\u81f4\u4e8e\u51fa\u9519\u7684\u57fa\u51c6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u5c06\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u9664\u4e86\u5173\u6ce8 affordance \u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u5173\u6ce8\u4e86 Gibson \u76f4\u63a5\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2003\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u540e\u85e4\u6b66\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u51fa\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u672c\u5173\u4e8e affordance \u7684\u4f50\u4f50\u6728\u6b63\u4eba\u548c\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e09\u6b21\u4f1a\u8c08\uff0c\u4f1a\u8c08\u5185\u5bb9\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u501f\u7528\u4e86 Gibson \u4e66\u540d\u53eb\u505a\u300a\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bba the ecological approach to design\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff08\u53f0\u6e7e\uff09\u7684\u5927\u6807\u9898\u53eb\u300a\u4e0d\u4e3a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u800c\u8bbe\u8ba1=\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u300b\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740 Gibson \u7684 affordance \u548c\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u7684\u89c6\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u8ba8\u8bba\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b66\u672f\u5f0f\u7684\u3002\u4f50\u4f50\u6728\u6b63\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76 affordance \u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u4ecb\u7ecd Gibson \u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u81ea\u7136\u6df1\u5165\u6d45\u51fa\u5e76\u52aa\u529b\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u4f4d\u5728 Gibson \u7406\u8bba\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u8fde\u63a5\u6765\uff0c\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u867d\u7136\u5bf9 affordance \u6ca1\u6709\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u80fd\u628a\u63e1\u597d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5c06 Gibson \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u81ea\u8eab\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u559c\u597d\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u6709\u8f83\u5168\u9762\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u770b\u8fc7\u540e\u6765\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u4ee5\u53ca\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u3002\u800c\u540e\u85e4\u6b66\u4ece\u5efa\u7b51\u5b66\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u51fa\u53d1\u8c08\u8bba\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f62\u6001\u548c\u6280\u80fd\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u6b64\u4e66\u7684\u9644\u5f55\u4e5f\u633a\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u4eba\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\u63a8\u8350\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u540d\u8a00\u6458\u5f55\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e66\u548c\u6f14\u8bb2\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4ece\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u654f\u611f\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u3002\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u4ed6\u5c06\u4ed6\u5173\u6ce8\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e32\u8054\u3002\u201coutline\u201d\uff08\u8f6e\u5ed3\uff09\u662f\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u4ee5\u9006\u5411\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6765\u770b\u5f85\u4eba\u548c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u201c\u76f8\u5373\uff08\u543b\u5408\uff09\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u201c\u521a\u521a\u597d\u201d\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4f60\u8981\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5c06\u4f1a\u586b\u5145\u7684\u7f3a\u53e3\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4f60\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u201c\u5f20\u529b\u201d\u6765\u81ea\u5185\u5916\u529b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u53cd\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u7d27\u7ef7\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u5f88\u65e9\uff081994\u5e74\uff09\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u63a2\u7d22\u201c\u5f20\u529b\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u3002\u201c\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u201d\uff08Active Memory\uff09\u6216\u8005\u79f0\u201c\u8eab\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u5728\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f5c\u51fa\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u201c\u521a\u521a\u597d\u201d\u7684\u5339\u914d\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5c06\u725b\u5976\u76d2\u653e\u5728\u5c3a\u5bf8\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u6276\u624b\u4e0a\u3002\u201cWithou Thought\u201d\uff08\u4e0d\u52a0\u601d\u7d22\uff09\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u89d2\u5ea6\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u3002\u201cFound Object\u201d\uff08\u88ab\u627e\u5230\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u4f7f\u7528\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u54c1\u5df2\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u6027\u6765\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5236\u4f5c\u65b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u201cFirst Wow \/ Later Wow\u201d\u662f\u6307\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u4eec\u63a5\u89e6\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u540e\u6709\u4f1a\u5fc3\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u6709\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u201caffordance\u201d\u8c08\u8bba\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u591a\u6837\u5316\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0e affordance \u2014 \u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49 Reality\u201d\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u4ece\u201c\u5f20\u529b\u201d\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u8d4b\u4e88\u2018\u7269\u4f53\u2019\u5f62\u72b6\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3b\u5bb0\u5176\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u662f\u2018\u5f20\u529b\u2019\u3002\u201d\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u8349\u8393\u8868\u9762\u7684\u79cd\u5b50\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u5149\u6cfd\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u8349\u8393\u7684\u6210\u719f\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u7531\u8868\u9762\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u6765\u8868\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u5f20\u529b\u8fbe\u5230\u9876\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u597d\u5403\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86 affordance \u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u8bf4\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6240\u626d\u66f2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f affordance \u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a Gibson \u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7740\u773c\u70b9\u4e5f\u5f88\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u8c01\u90fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u957f\u65b9\u5f62\u684c\u5b50\u7684\u201c\u957f\u65b9\u5f62\u201d\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8c01\u4e5f\u6ca1\u89c1\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u773c\u662f\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u957f\u65b9\u5f62\u7684\uff09\u3002\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u827a\u672f\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8981\u770b\u89c1\u5e73\u5e38\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4 affordance \u4f20\u8fbe\u4e86\u8eab\u4f53\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u771f\u5b9e\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a affordance \u6240\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u73af\u5883\u8d44\u8baf\u4e0e\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5316\u3001\u8d44\u8baf\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5fc3\u58f0\u3002affordance \u662f\u67d0\u4eba\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6240\u53d1\u6398\u51fa\u3001\u5305\u85cf\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5411\u73af\u5883\u8bc9\u8bf4\u7740\u5176\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002affordance \u4e0d\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6027\u8d28\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u77e5\u89c9\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u8bf4\u6784\u6210\u3002\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u5c06 affordance \u5bb9\u6613\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u662f\u5f15\u8d77\u53cd\u5c04\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u4ee5\u53ca\u77e5\u89c9\u8005\u5185\u5728\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u201c\u5370\u8c61\u201d\u6216\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\uff0c\u540c\u201c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5bb9\u6613\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\u8fde\u63a5\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u4eba\u4e3b\u89c2\u4f7f\u5176\u4ea7\u751f\u523a\u6fc0\u3002\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u597d\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e94\u8be5\u4f1a\u88ab\u4eba\u5728\u6beb\u4e0d\u81ea\u89c9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u62fe\u53d6\u51fa\u5176 affordance\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0e\u5370\u8c61\u7b49\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u6302\u94a9\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ecf\u4e45\u672a\u53d8\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u540d\u6c0f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u662f\u4e2a\u597d\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0caffordance \u5f3a\u8c03\u77e5\u89c9\u8005\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u53bb\u5f3a\u52a0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hi-id.com\/atcl\/2011\/umbrella-tip-tiles-naoto-fukasawa.jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u7f6e\u4f1e\u67b6\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u4f1a\u4e0d\u7531\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u628a\u4f1e\u7684\u524d\u7aef\u653e\u5728\u74f7\u7816\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u63a5\u7f1d\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u62fe\u53d6 affordance\uff0c\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5728\u7384\u5173\u7684\u5927\u7406\u77f3\u4e0a\uff0c\u79bb\u5899\u4e00\u4e9b\u8ddd\u79bb\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5f00\u51ff\u4e00\u6761\u5c0f\u6c9f\uff0c\u8bf4\u4e0d\u5b9a\u4eba\u4f1a\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5c06\u4f1e\u653e\u7f6e\u5176\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Alvaro Siza \u8bf4\u8fc7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f transform \uff08\u8f6c\u53d8\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff08\u201cnot creating something new but transforming something that already exists\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f53\u4f1a\u7684\u3002\u5728\u300a\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bba\u300b\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230 Naoto Fukasawa \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u8f6c\u53d8\u201d\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u53d8\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u9752\u6da9\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u5230\u201c\u9a6c\u4e0a\u505a\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7acb\u5373\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u5f0f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c11\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u770b\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u201c\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u3001\u51fa\u5f69\u7684\u3001\u6709\u521b\u610f\u7684\u201d\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u66f4\u52a0\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u4e86\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 R2.5 \u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5706\u89d2\u5f15\u5165\u4eba\u5de5\u5236\u54c1\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4e0e Siza \u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u300a\u4ff3\u53e5\u4e4b\u9053\u300b\u4f5c\u8005\u9ad8\u6d5c\u865a\u5b50\u8bf4\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u5199\u751f\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u201c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5ba2\u89c2\u5199\u751f\u4e00\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e3b\u89c2\u4fbf\u53ef\u501f\u7531\u5ba2\u89c2\u5199\u751f\u6e17\u900f\u800c\u51fa\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u662f\u60f3\u9690\u85cf\u4e5f\u9690\u85cf\u4e0d\u4f4f\u7684\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5ba2\u89c2\u5199\u751f\u6280\u5de7\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u4e3b\u89c2\u4fbf\u9010\u6e10\u62ac\u5934\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hi-id.com\/atcl\/2011\/naoto-fukasawa-vitra-affordance.jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p>\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba 2007 \u4e3a Vitra \u5728 Design Miami Basel \u505a\u51fa\u7684\u5c55\u89c8\u9879\u76ee Vitra Edition\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u7528\u6905\u5b50\u6765\u4f5c\u5bf9 affordance \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u53eb\u505a On \u201caffordance\u201d \u53d1\u5e03\u5728<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vitra.com\/en-it\/collage\/design\/on-affordance\/\"> Vitra \u7f51\u4e0a<\/a>\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u8bf4\u5230\u5f53\u4eba\u662f\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u540c\u7269\u54c1\u548c\u73af\u5883\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7269\u54c1\u662f\u5904\u5728\u6700\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u529f\u7528\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4eba\u662f\u600e\u6837\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u4eba\u4f1a\u8c03\u6574\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u53bb\u8ba4\u8bc6\u9002\u5e94\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0d\u662f\u521b\u9020\u5916\u5f62\u800c\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9879\u76ee\u5c31\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u53ef\u4f9b\u5750\u4e0b\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u4f5c\u6905\u5b50\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u6905\u5b50\u8bde\u751f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u77f3\u5934\u6216\u8005\u5012\u4e0b\u7684\u6811\u6728\uff0c\u884c\u674e\u7bb1\u3001\u5e72\u8349\u579b\u3001\u6811\u6869\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u5c31\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u505a\u6210\u50cf\u6905\u5b50\u5f62\u72b6\u4e00\u6837\u53ef\u4e58\u5750\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bd4\u8f83\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u548c Donald Norman \u5bf9 affordance \u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0cDonald Norman \u7531\u4e8e\u53ea\u7740\u773c\u4e8e affordance \u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8f83\u5306\u5fd9\u5730\u501f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u81ea\u5df1\u7f20\u7ed5\u4f4f\u4e86\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u4e5f\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4eba\u673a\u754c\u9762\u548c\u4ea4\u4e92\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff08\u975e\u5b9e\u4f53\u4ea7\u54c1\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u5bf9 Gibson \u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u5374\u50cf\u4e1c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4f9b\u542f\u53d1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u770b\u5f85\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8 affordance \u4e5f\u5173\u6ce8\u5e76\u601d\u8003 Gibson \u7684\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u7684\u89c6\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ece\u5168\u8c8c\u4e0a\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u5206\u8fa8\u51fa\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u611f\u6027\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u800c\u672a\u8fdb\u5165\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8ba9 affordance \u6216 Gibson \u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5b9e\u8df5\u76f8\u8fde\u65f6\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u8868\u9762\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>Affordance \u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/h3>\n<p>\u6211\u5c06 Gibson \u7684\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u7684\u89c6\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u53d6\u4ee3\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u72ec\u5360\u6027\u7684\u770b\u5f85\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u5173\u5fc3\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u7528\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u89c2\u53bb\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u6539\u53d8\u4e1c\u897f\uff0cGibson \u7684\u7406\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u878d\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u5177\u6709\u751f\u547d\u529b\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u5b83\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u975e\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0d\u53ef\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u62ff\u5b83\u6765\u76f4\u63a5\u5229\u7528\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u50cf\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u53d1\u73b0\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6905\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u5750\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6905\u5b50\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8ba9\u4eba\u5750\u7684 affordance\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u5e73\u5766\u3001\u6709\u786c\u5ea6\u548c\u6709\u5bbd\u5ea6\u7684\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6b62\u5883\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u770b\u5f85\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u5c31\u591a\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e86 affordance \u4e5f\u4f1a\u7ed9\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e26\u6765\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8bbe\u8ba1\u672a\u6765\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u672a\u6765\u7528\u6237\u7684\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5371\u9669\u9700\u8981\u6392\u9664\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7ed9\u7528\u6237\u5e26\u6765\u4fbf\u5229\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6587\u7ae0\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u53f8\u673a\u5c06\u624b\u8098\u9760\u5728\u8f66\u7a97\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73af\u5883\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u7275\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4f1a\u7528\u9608\u4e0b\u610f\u8bc6\u6765\u62fe\u53d6\u4ea7\u54c1\u5185\u7684\u5404\u79cd affordance \u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u521d\u6240\u5b9a\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u9700\u6c42\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u521a\u597d\u5728\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u9760\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5404\u79cd\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f6e\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e73\u53f0\u5177\u6709\u7684\u5404\u79cd affordance \u4f1a\u88ab\u7528\u6237\u5728\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u62fe\u53d6\u5230\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6401\u7f6e\uff08\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u4e1c\u897f\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u4f4d\u6709\u5371\u9669\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u614e\u91cd\u5bf9\u5f85\u7684\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65f6\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9 affordance \u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5f97\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u529f\u5229\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u5c06 Gibson \u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u6f5c\u79fb\u9ed8\u5316\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u63d0\u9ad8\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u654f\u9510\uff0c\u5e73\u548c\u7684\u770b\u5f85\u73af\u5883\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5e73\u5e38\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u88ab\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u8868\u9762\u5f0f\u7b26\u53f7\u6027\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5360\u6ee1\u611f\u5b98\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u4e00\u4efd\u4eba\u6587\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8def\u8fb9\u7684\u5927\u77f3\u5934\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u9664\u4e86\u662f\u5757\u77f3\u5934\u5c31\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u53ef\u4f9b\u5750\u4e0b\u4f11\u606f\u7684 affordance\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u5728\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e2d\u6709\u5176\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Affordance \u548c Gibson \u7684\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u7684\u89c6\u77e5\u89c9\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u53d1\u73b0\u5f00\u8f9f\u65b0\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>Affordance \u548c\u5171\u632f<\/h3>\n<p>Gibson \u8bf4\u5230\u62fe\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\uff08information pickup\uff09\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c03\u6574\u65b9\u5411\u3001\u63a2\u7d22\u3001\u8c03\u67e5\u3001\u8c03\u6574\u3001\u4f18\u5316\u3001\u5171\u632f\u3001\u62bd\u53d6\u5e76\u8fbe\u5230\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62fe\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u5171\u632f\uff0c\u5b83\u548c\u6536\u97f3\u673a\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u8c10\u624d\u80fd\u6536\u5230\u58f0\u97f3\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u548c\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u80fd\u8c10\u8c03\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u4f1a\u62fe\u53d6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u6df1\u6cfd\u76f4\u4eba\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u89c1\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u521a\u521a\u597d\u201d\u662f\u5370\u8bc1\u5171\u632f\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u75d5\u8ff9\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u5e73\u5766\u3001\u6709\u786c\u5ea6\u548c\u6709\u5bbd\u5ea6\u7684\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4e00\u4f4d\u8def\u8fc7\u7684\u6709\u75b2\u60eb\u52b3\u7d2f\u5026\u610f\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u819d\u76d6\u5f2f\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff08\u5728\u4fdd\u6301\u8eab\u4f53\u5e73\u8861\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\uff09\u76f8\u7b26\u5408\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u9762\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5171\u632f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u62fe\u53d6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u9762\u53ef\u4f9b\u5750\u4e0b\u4f11\u606f\u7684 affordance\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53ef\u4f9b\u5750\u4e0b\u7684\u8868\u9762\u4f1a\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u5e73\u5766\uff0c\u786c\u5ea6\u548c\u5bbd\u5ea6\u5404\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u4f9b\u5750\u4e0b\u8fd9\u4e2a affordance\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8868\u9762\u9762\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u51fa\u597d\u574f\u4f18\u52a3\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u597d\u574f\u4e4b\u5206\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5750\u4e0b\u524d\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\u5f97\u5230\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f affordance \u4f1a\u6709\u7b49\u7ea7\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e0a\u9762\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u5f20\u56fe\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4ec0\u4e48\u6765\u8861\u91cf affordance \u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u632f\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hi-id.com\/atcl\/2011\/zumthor-handle-ios-keyboard.jpg\"\/><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u56fe\u5de6\u6765\u81ea<a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/luke_stearns\/2343160013\/sizes\/l\/in\/photostream\/\">\u8fd9<\/a>\uff0c\u662f <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hi-id.com\/?p=2459\">Peter Zumthor<\/a> \u7684 Saint Benedict Chapel \u7684\u95e8\u628a\u624b\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u770b\u770b<a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/jonolist\/4736273317\/sizes\/l\/in\/photostream\/\">\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u5f20\u5927\u56fe<\/a>\uff0c\u5c31\u53ea\u662f\u770b\u4e00\u5f20\u56fe\u4f60\u5c31\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\u6253\u5f00\u8fd9\u6247\u95e8\u65f6\u7684\u624b\u611f\uff0c\u9884\u611f\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u5c06\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u5e72\u51c0\u5229\u843d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4f60\u770b\u5230 iOS \u7684\u952e\u76d8\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u524d\u4f60\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5171\u632f\u7684\u91cd\u5408\u5ea6\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u826f\u597d\u7684 affordance\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4f9b\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u5171\u632f\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5728\u8861\u91cf affordance \u7684\u4f18\u79c0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u7740\u5171\u632f\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5462\uff1f\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u7ae0\u4e0a\u65b9\u7684\u90a3\u5f20\u5750\u6807\u56fe\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4e5f\u6e05\u6670\u5c31\u8d8a\u80fd\u6fc0\u53d1\u5171\u632f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u9762\u8d8a\u662f\u5e73\u5766\u5c31\u8d8a\u662f\u6709\u826f\u597d\u7684\u53ef\u4f9b\u5750\u4e0b\u7684 affordance\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Peter Zumthor \u7684\u95e8\u628a\u624b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u95e8\u4e0a\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u9053\u6a2a\u7ebf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u95e8\u677f\u90fd\u662f\u7ad6\u6761\u7eb9\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u95e8\u4e0a\u6c34\u5e73\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u5c31\u7ebf\u6761\u5c31\u95e8\u628a\u624b\u4ee5\u53ca\u95e8\u9501\u7684\u56db\u8fb9\u5f62\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e24\u6761\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u95e8\u628a\u624b\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u5448\u73b0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u5b83\u5c06\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e5f\u4f5c\u4e86\u52a0\u5f3a\uff0c\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u7684\u95e8\u9501\u94c1\u677f\u6bd4\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u8981\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f62\u72b6\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u5185\u53ea\u6709\u516d\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6574\u9f50\u5747\u5300\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u95e8\u628a\u624b\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u548c\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u94c1\u628a\u624b\u7684\u8f7b\u5de7\uff0c\u628a\u624b\u79bb\u95e8\u7684\u5145\u5206\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e5f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5f3a\u5316\u3002\u770b\u7740\u5b83\u5c31\u80fd\u9884\u77e5\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u770b\u8fc7 Peter Zumthor \u7684 \u300aThinking Architecture\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u9a6c\u4e0a\u60f3\u8d77\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6bb5\u7684\u6700\u540e\u51e0\u53e5\u8bdd\uff1a\u201cThere was a time when I experienced architecture without thinking about it. Sometimes I can almost feel a particular door handle in my hand, a piece of metal shaped like the back of a spoon.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u662f\u4fa7\u91cd\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6392\u5e03\u548c\u5448\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\u5c31\u66f4\u52a0\u660e\u663e\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u4e2d affordance \u7684\u8f7d\u4f53\u548c\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u5728\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762\u4e2d\u8c08 affordance \u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u629b\u5f03\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u4e86\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e0d\u518d\u53bb\u5173\u6ce8\u73bb\u7483\u662f\u53ef\u4f9b\u6572\u51fb\u7684\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u4f9b\u900f\u89c6\u7684\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u53ef\u4f9b\u70b9\u51fb\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u5f00 Norman \u9677\u5165\u7684\u50f5\u5c40\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u754c\u9762\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6392\u5e03\u548c\u5448\u73b0\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5176\u4f18\u52a3\u7684\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 iOS \u7684\u952e\u76d8\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u66f4\u597d\u6309\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a iOS \u952e\u76d8\u66f4\u50cf\u5b9e\u4f53\u952e\u76d8\u66f4\u62df\u771f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u628a\u63e1\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c6\u89d2\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\u7684\u8282\u594f\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5524\u8d77 affordance \u7684\u5171\u632f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u754c\u9762\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ea\u662f\u8d77\u5230\u793a\u610f\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u54ea\u91cc\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u70b9\u51fb\uff0c\u54ea\u91cc\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u62d6\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u5c31\u5e26\u52a8\u4e0d\u4e86\u591a\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u7684\u5171\u632f\uff0c\u5b83\u548c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u70b9\u51fb\u5143\u7d20\u4e0a\u5199\u4e0a\u201c\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u201d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5927\u5dee\u522b\uff0cApple \u7684\u754c\u9762\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f18\u79c0\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u8003\u7a76\u3002\u5c31\u548c\u865a\u62df\u952e\u76d8\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u754c\u9762\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4f9b\u952e\u76d8\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a affordance \u4e4b\u4e0b\uff08\u67d0\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u53ef\u4f9b\u8f93\u5165\uff09\u5d4c\u5957\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u5176\u5b83 affordance\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7528\u6237\u4f53\u9a8c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u53eb\u505a immersive \uff08\u6c89\u6d78\uff0c\u8eab\u4e34\u5176\u5883\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u9677\u5165\u4e86 affordance \u4e4b\u4e2d\u79f0\u4f5c\u662f\u6c89\u6d78\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4eab\u53d7\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4ef6\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u89e6\u6478\u5c4f\u4ea4\u4e92\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u611f\u5230\u4f60\u5728\u201c\u64e6\u73bb\u7483\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>iOS \u952e\u76d8 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 iOS \u7684\u952e\u76d8\u5982\u6b64\u51fa\u8272\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u865a\u62df\u952e\u76d8\u867d\u7136\u5728\u5c3a\u5bf8\u4e0a\u57fa\u672c\u8d85\u8fc7 iOS \u952e\u76d8\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u4f53\u9a8c\u8fd8\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f53\u9a8c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\u663e\u5f97\u50cf\u4e00\u56e2\u6e23\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5148\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u867d\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9006\u5411\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be0\u91ca\u6027\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6bd4\u63e3\u6d4b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u66f4\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5f53\u95ee\u201c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u6837\u8bbe\u8ba1\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u773c\u754c\u8d85\u8d8a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5b8c\u5168\u8131\u79bb\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u751a\u81f3\u4e0e\u5176\u76f8\u80cc\u3002 iOS \u952e\u76d8\u662f\uff08\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\uff09\u865a\u62df\u5c4f\u5e55\u952e\u76d8\u7684\u5f00... 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